Augmentative endings like -ón in cabezón meaning big head or -azoin portazo meaning door slam are added to some nouns, adjectives, or verbs, creating new nouns and adjectives, to convey that the reality expressed by the word is bigger, has greater intensity, and sometimes has positive or negative overtones. Very often, they replace grandeor gran meaning big/large. For instance, to express that a car is big we could say un coche grande or un cochazo . Ready to dive in?
What are the Spanish augmentative endings?
Let’s begin by going over the augmentative endings in Spanish:
| Ending | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
-ón/a | cabeza → cabezón | head → big head |
-ote/a | casa → casota | house → big house |
-etón/-etona | golpe → golpetón | blow → big blow |
-azo | plan → planazo | plan → great plan |
-etazo | puño → puñetazo | fist → punch |
-ucho/a | flaco → → flacucho | skinny → very skinny |
-acho/a | rico → ricacho | rich → very rich |
-aco | libro → libraco | book → big book |
-achón/-achona | rico → ricachona | rich → very rich |
Need a refresher on how Spanish adjectives match nouns in gender and number? Don’t remember how to tell the gender of Spanish nouns? Don’t worry, we got you covered!
Next, we’ll see how augmentative endings are added to words.
How to build Spanish augmentatives?
We learned earlier that augmentative endings are attached to Spanish nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Here’s how they are built:
For words ending in a consonant, attach the ending directly to the word.
Take, for instance, the word plan meaning planand the augmentative ending -azo.
Since the word ends in a consonant, the ending is simply added to the word to form planazo meaning big/important plan.
For words ending in a vowel, drop the vowel before adding the ending.
For example, a word like coche meaning car and the augmentative ending -azo.
The final -e in coche, is dropped before attaching the augmentative ending to form cochazo meaning big car.
How are augmentatives used?
Augmentative endings are added to words mainly to express size — they indicate that something is bigger or is done with greater intensity. For instance:
The words bigoteor mostacho meaning mustache and their augmented variants bigotón and mostachón meaning big mustache simply differ in the size of the concept to which they refer.
The augmented words golpazo or golpetazo meaning big blow refer to the same concept as its non-augmented variant golpe meaning blow, but with greater intensity.
Augmentative endings, on top of referring to size or greater intensity, can also take negative or positive overtones. For instance:
The word libro meaning book has a couple of augmented variants, libraco and librote. In these cases, the augmentative endings are used to express size or length, and also, depending on context, to describe a book as dull and boring.
On the other hand, the word fortachón (from the adjective fuerte meaning strong) describes a very strong man in a positive way.
Next, we’ll see the different types of augmentative endings, their uses, and to what kinds of words they are attached.
Augmentative endings
Endings: -ón/a, -etón/-etona
The endings -ón and -etónare attached to some masculine and feminine nouns and adjectives, as well as verbs, producing masculine augmentatives; whereas -onaand -etona can be attached to some feminine nouns and adjectives, as well as verbs, creating feminine augmentatives.
On top of their augmentative meaning, these endings also add some affective (positive and negative) overtones. For instance:
The augmented noun peliculón (from película meaning film) refers to a great movie:
Ponen un peliculón en la tele esta noche.Translation: There’s a great movie on TV tonight.
Notice how, incidentally, the gender has changed: película is feminine, whereas peliculónis masculine.
The adjectives dulzón/dulzona (from the adjective dulce meaning sweet) describe something excessively sweet:
El flan te ha salido dulzón.Translation: The flan came out too sweet.
The pejorative (negative) words (llorón/llorona meaning crybaby) are derived from the verb llorar meaning to cry:
No aguanta las críticas, es un llorón.Translation: He can’t take criticism, he’s a crybaby.
Endings: -ote/a
The ending -ote is attached to some masculine nouns and adjectives. Similarly, -ota is attached to some feminine nouns and adjectives.
On top of their augmentative meaning, these endings also add some affective (positive and negative) overtones. For instance:
The adjective guapote meaning very handsome is derived from guapo meaning handsome:
Mis nuevos vecinos tienen un bebé guapote.Translation: My new neighbors have a very handsome baby.The noun librote(from libro meaning book) refers to a big book that is also dull and boring:
Tengo dos librotes que leer para mi clase de literatura.Translation: I had two big dull books to read for my literature class
Endings: -azo, -etazo
These endings are attached to some masculine nouns.
They add an augmentative meaning, often with positive overtones. For instance:
The word for “success” is éxito. We could describe “a big success” with exitazo:
Luis Miguel tuvo un exitazo tremendo en su última gira en España.Translation: Luis Miguel had huge tremendous success on his last Spanish tour.The words cochazo and carrazo (from cocheor carro meaning car) refer to a big, luxurious car. Similarly, to refer to a big, luxurious hotel we can use hotelazo:
Ganó la lotería, se compró un carrazo y se fue a vivir a un hotelazo.Translation: She won the lottery, bought a big, luxurious car, and moved to a big, luxurious hotel.
Endings: -ucho/a, -acho/a, -aco
These endings can be attached to some nouns and adjectives.
On top of their augmentative meaning, these endings add some pejorative overtones. For instance:
The noun pajarraco(from pájaro meaning bird) refers to a big, ugly bird:
¡Qué pena! Un pajarraco tan feo en un árbol tan bonito.Translation: What a shame! Look at that ugly bird on such a lovely tree.The adjective larguirucho(from largo meaning long) refers to someone who’s very tall and lanky:
Juan es inconfundible, es calvo y larguirucho.Translation: You can’t miss Juan, he’s bald and lanky.The adjective ricacho(from rico meaning rich) refers to someone who's extremely rich:
Subió mucho de precio desde que los ricachos veranean aquí.Translation: It got too expensive since the rich decided to vacation here.
Endings: -achón/-achona
The ending -achón is attached to some adjectives, whereas -achona is attached to some feminine adjectives.
Besides their augmentative meaning, these endings add some affective overtones. For instance:
The word bonachón/a(from bueno meaning good) refers to a very good person:
Es un bonachón, nunca se enfada y siempre ayuda a los demás.Translation: He’s a really nice guy, never gets mad, and always helps out others.The adjective ricachón/a (from rico meaning rich), a variant from ricacho above, refers to someone who's extremely rich:
Subió mucho de precio desde que los ricachones veranean aquí.Translation: It got too expensive since the rich decided to vacation here.
Curious to know what endings you can use to make something smaller in Spanish? Don’t miss out on our post on Spanish diminutives!
Summary
Augmentative endings in Spanish are added to nouns, adjectives, and verbs:
If the word ends in a consonant, add the augmentative ending to the word without any changes.
If the word ends in a vowel, drop it, then add the augmentative ending.
They convey three different kinds of meanings to a word:
Augmentative: expresses a larger size or more intensity.
Pejorative: adds a negative overtone to a word.
Positive: adds a positive connotation to a word.
Ready to practice? Check out this activity (answer key included!)
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